Sum up, it has a consistent four things in common: (1) Salvation call enlightenment. Autumn national crisis, the inevitable emergence is enlightenment. Real frame of reference is based on advanced countries to reform their backward system, for the fundamental way out of the woods. (2) Open your eyes and see the world, introduce and absorb advanced culture. (3) to promote civic and cultural transformation of subjects culture to achieve human emancipation, and promote educational, academic, ethical, expression tools and ideas change. (4) to reform as the goal, ideology and system interaction. Second, why the New Culture Movement in China 1, China's social transformation because there is no way their own traditional Chinese culture has never been citizens of its own concept of sacred property rights. 2, the gap between China's rich culture, traditional culture. Including medicine, literature and art, history, books, etc., adds splendor to human culture, has eternal value. To protect traditional culture, even something to be eliminated, it should be protected. All cultural heritage, good and bad should be protected. However, no mathematical system of traditional Chinese culture, in particular, failed to establish the abstract and the practical logic system, and therefore never likely to enter the Chinese currency in circulation in modern society (banks) and a market economy (credit, logical rules) state. Coupled with the bureaucratic culture developed, ancient technology are human or social values of the marginalized. Needham has been asked so many ancient Chinese technical and scientific achievements, why not China's development of modern science? In fact, the Needham is slow in responding. Ming's has raised the issue of Matteo Ricci. He proposed that the people do not know laws of logic, mathematics, most Chinese people are not interested, because the reading of classics can be an official, not on other knowledge. Most of the road up towards the examination, it is impossible to modern science developed in China. 3, whether to recognize ideological change is the precursor of social change do not speak for this reason, the idea did not change since the Renaissance, the West's transformation to a low intrinsic motivation. Therefore, China needs a group of Prometheus, Sower, the achievements of human civilization spread in China, with China to popularize and implement practical. 19,20 century and 21st century history of one of the very important element is to promote the new culture movement. As for the responsibility of the Government no more than three of culture: (1) to protect the freedom of research and creation, protection of free living environment for free competition in all schools, so that citizens have the opportunity to showcase their talents, choose your favorite way of life. (2) protection of all cultural heritage is not destroyed, regardless of their originating country and the nation. (3) to allocate funds to develop public welfare undertakings and support the culture of high art is not suitable for the market, promising to support the cultural industries. Culture does have subjectivity, that is, the individual citizen. Any authority do not need to have no right to determine the cultural orientation of citizens. If the subjectivity in the name of the literary and artistic style to prohibit foreigners, folk customs and even dress, diet and other some kind, from authority, is illegal cross-border; civil action, it is illegal atrocities. This final analysis is nothing more than some fame seeking profits mean trick. Third, the beginning of the New Culture Movement and the first climax of the New Culture Movement can be divided into four periods: (1) before and after the Opium War to the Sino is the embryonic period. (2) Sino failed to Revolution, appeared for the first time the masses of the Enlightenment. () From its inception the Republic of China, is often said that the May Fourth New Culture Movement. (4) from 1924 to 1949 under the authoritarian rule of the KMT tenacious struggle of the new culture. (5) after the establishment of the People's Republic, to the recovery from the fracture. Fourth, what changes in the May Fourth New Culture Movement, the establishment of the Republic of China, entered a new phase of the New Culture Movement, which later became known as the May Fourth New Culture Movement. 1, blew the horn in 1912, Cai, Tang Shao-yi, Jiaoren, Sun Feng Wang and other 26 were ordered by boat from Shanghai to Beijing to meet Yuan south became provisional president. On board, they discussed the establishment of the Republic of China, the people can not keep up the quality of how to do. They organized social reform will be, issued a manifesto calling for Promote 2, Ren Cai reform minister of education began, ordered the abolition of reading; establish a new education policy, equality, and fraternity for the new code of ethics. The request was included in the new culture of school education. Including the Northern Yuan, including the previous government did not repeal the general results of these reforms. 3, during the Republican debate on freedom of establishment, freedom of speech and the press reached a new height, ideological and cultural unprecedentedly active, the rule of law, constitutionalism, gender equality, women's political participation in the controversy after another. These activities promote a new stage of ideological and cultural change. 1915, Chen founded From 1919 onwards, to democracy and science, but the basic content has not changed. New Culture Movement is freedom of thought and cultural activities in the general direction of the premise identification,cheap UGG boots, each side, and some even quite radical views. Lu Xun, Chinese medicine is not reliable, QIAN claim the Chinese written language should be abolished, and so on. But in an environment of freedom of expression, there is no violence involved, the reader is God, each free to choose, most people increasingly rational and free discussion, but diverse in the extreme point of view is not accepted few, very limited damage. What left the New Culture Movement Performance? It changed? (1) a change in the basic concepts of Chinese intellectuals. Freedom, the rule of law, democracy, and these foreign things gradually become the common language of Chinese intellectuals, China's social transformation has laid an important ideological foundation. (2) to promote the system of modern Chinese thought and culture slowly open the establishment of the Qing, social transformation, freedom of speech, freedom of the press gradually legalized and After the Revolution, it became an axiom can not be violated, and legal protection. Yuan Shikai era laws restricting freedom of speech from the historical stage with him, those restrictions are lifted. Some warlords interference in domestic affairs, murder, kill journalists. But the basic system set up, the illegal dealings like mice on the streets, people cry. This ensures that the May Fourth Movement, there was a golden age of academic culture. (3) to promote modern education system, especially the University System. Regime change is an important part of the New Culture Movement. In 1912, Cai served as minister of education, abolition of reading, establishing a new education policy, promoting a new code of ethics, means a new birth of culture and education system. (4) the expression of tools to achieve the conversion, one language, to meet the business needs of the rapid exchange of social information. January 12, 1920, the Ministry of Education to accept the recommendations of the National Education Association, notices of the Chinese national second grade school textbooks to Text Language, greatly reducing the burden on children. (5) the emergence of the climax of humanities and social sciences in China, creating a large number of master's figure. Turn of the 20th century academic history, the humanities are all modern foundation at this time. (6) into the golden age of literature and art. The history of vernacular fiction, vernacular literature is no longer is unrefined books. Tools of thought and expression, driven by the dual liberation, a new upsurge literature, novels, poetry, plays, essays appeared masterpieces. Achievements of Western painting new drawing, a variety of Western art began to take root in China.
before and after the New Culture Movement, the Chinese people changed by the subjects to citizens, at least in the city, upholding civil rights became the norm; way of life, including thoughts, have a great change, heresy as However, ideological change is far from complete, follow the name of the course ahead is responsible for implementation: those in power words and deeds, not involved in the rural areas, even in cities, far more than obedient citizens. Ideological differences into the final military confrontation. Government of the Russian Soviet ideology, money, the consultants, the guns, and the KMT alliance to establish base in Guangzhou, the armed crusade instead of ink to argue.
five, under the authoritarian rule of the New Culture Movement
1924 to 1949, the KMT-controlled areas in their education to implement the Party (later renamed the Three Principles of Education), and rigorously enforce the Three Principles of Culture the abolition of freedom of speech, censorship of books and periodicals to establish, against the New Culture Movement. New Culture Movement in the crevice, but still stubbornly show their vitality. (1) less than in the national local government authority - Concession, Hong Kong, the KMT can not stifle the freedom of speech. (2) local forces to resist tyranny, to provide a free space. Yun under the aegis of Kunming, Southwest United in growth; Gui sphere of influence, the growth of the Sino-Japanese War during the cultural city of Guilin. (3) liberal intellectuals in power, to struggle, so that some universities into the Pure Land. (4) does not ban privately run newspapers. Thus, the Anti-corruption, to democracy, freedom of endless war.
six, ideological and cultural transformation in the role of the historical development of the Chinese Communist Party
has always claimed to be the successor to the New Culture Movement. However, long-term survival in a war environment, but also the collective will to make it become stressed and exercise iron discipline of the party. Exercising the power, the ruling party Leninist political parties on how to change, but also a range in the world have not been properly resolved the major issues. Thus, after the establishment of the People's Republic, the struggle, criticism, continuous movement, and finally formed the word of the anomalous situation soon.
1978 the reform and opening up, the ideological and cultural revival, the New Culture Movement and the surface, content and form have not changed. The difference with the May Fourth Movement has three points: (1) From the beginning of reform and opening up frontier areas, and gradually spread throughout the country, and slowly spread to form a pattern, and intellectuals from different corners of their own voice. No clear intellectual leader, each according to his own knowledge and conscience working hard. (2) The rise of the Internet as far-reaching effects, a wide range of carrier. (3) human rights, property rights and the rule of law in the struggle gradually into the mainstream by the heresy, and one by one into the Constitution, but the provisions on paper into legal practice and to conduct, is still struggling. Some friends have repeatedly denied for many years the New Culture Movement, that it is the proletariat from the New Culture Movement advocates agree these friends of freedom, rule of law and democracy, constitutional government, but opposed the idea to promote the cultural change it. No power to intervene in the controversy and violence is the catalyst for the development of ideology and culture and the normal way. Records left by the New Culture Movement is: to develop the academic culture and institutional environment of freedom of speech and expand the free space. It is a unique combination of power and January 12, 1920, the Ministry of Education adopted the recommendations of the National Education Conference, ordered to stop using the classical primary school textbooks in favor of the vernacular. This is an extremely important results, in line with the mainstream culture change heresy become law. They also have many specific criticisms and doubts, it is worth one by one view.
1, ideological and cultural revolution inevitable disaster these friends celebrating the political revolution. However, no country in the social change, political change are based on ideology as the guide. No enlightenment, thought as the guide, the British revolution, French Revolution and even the Revolution are not possible. Moreover, the human rights of the New Culture Movement advocates democracy and science, or science, and language advocated by one literary revolution with the revolution did not take the world by force. As Chen into the 1920s advocating violent revolution and dictatorship, it is changing its identity - from politicians and thinkers into revolutionaries, stick to the original position of the rest of Hu Shi, Lu Xun, a large number of people. Hayek said it well: That being said, the Chinese people should always prostrate at the foot of the saints and elders; also set thought police, detention beyond the benchmark of all the
2, Liang, Lu Xun made personal liberation, transformation of national character, is thought reform after the establishment of the People's Republic and the Cultural Revolution culture into civic culture, the Chinese people break the shackles of ideology, to become independent and free of the modern citizen, the content is impeccable. Bound personality, to develop well-behaved children, education in China is still fatal. The way is free to call, free exchange, believe it or not, and forced to the Transformation of unrelated, even with the
3, the New Culture Movement is made in France of the Enlightenment Enlightenment Hayek Outsiders are two traditional, one French tradition, one of Scotland's heritage. The former is the source of radicalism. Modern society is a growth process of spontaneous order, social, thought, belief is entirely spontaneous evolution, the British way is the right way back. Britain and France to see how different the Enlightenment tradition? Yu Yi thought that Hayek argument ignores the side of thinking of mutual exchanges between the two countries. Ideology and culture of any country are complex, and thought no borders, even in the era of information dissemination will be slow spread to the surrounding areas, especially Britain and France two immediate neighbors.
France and Britain both traditional cross each other, the French have had a lot of extreme things, the United Kingdom sent a dig, the Levellers, who as a utopian idea. British thinker Thomas More published in 1516, holy terror to the implementation of, as political discussions only at the appointed time and place, before being allowed. It's Jacobin French Revolution and other revolutions 19,20-century relationship between the spiritual doctrine is very clear As for the impact of Montesquieu by the British, it is well known. He wrote Voltaire's The American War of Independence in 1776 the British tradition of freedom of births. The birth of the French Revolution of 1789
Hayek said: also know that [17] in another world - refuse to protect individual privacy of social areas, leaving the clean-up of traditional culture and critical thinking, leaving the input and infiltration of foreign ideas, obviously not spontaneous free order. This is the Enlightenment - the New Culture Movement, the necessary and difficult basis in reality.
these friends well-intentioned, would like to remind the Chinese people should learn from history, to avoid further social unrest, but they did not notice the reality of history. The Jacobin dictatorship in 1793 in Paris, only to kill 17 000 people, there are 40 000 people were killed when the French population of 26 million. Relative to cut the UK should kill the revolutionary process, from the 1640 Revolution to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 it took 38 years, more than 20 million people have died, while mid-17th century England's population of nearly 5.3 million, including Ireland, Scotland and Wales, the total population compared to 7.7 million. The same bloody English Revolution, the absolute number of a murderer or a percentage of the total population, far more than the French Revolution. There is no deny these facts, it is deep thinking scholars Humanities and Social Sciences: Why do so many ideas and principles of correct practice is followed the terrorist?
French Revolution's Some accused it of too much emphasis on equality and the public will, over-respected the law. Opened America's Flame ignited the war of independence , and citizen participation in law making and regulations [18]
is not a Britain's Bloodthirsty Jacobin dictatorship, the false name of freedom deprivation of liberty, and another reason. Should carefully study what the connection between theory and practice aspects of the problem? The final analysis, the When read the remarks about Robespierre slaughter it, what point is not with the Differences in the development of Robespierre Ji map the start of class hatred and his own extreme populist ideas written He proposed the draft declaration: succumbed to the way the legal action is one of the most sophisticated of tyranny Thoughts from the extreme killings overwhelmed the Step further investigation, any country and nation has from barbarism to civilization process. The length of this process,Discount UGG boots, the size and cost, depending on route choice is appropriate.
to civilization after the Glorious Revolution in England was marked after 1689, the rule of law, and no longer use guns and knives to resolve social contradictions and conflicts, followed by the stability and development. If the fascination with violence, no matter how right or good traditional principles will be trampled upon. French But the Jacobin Club, Cromwell, Napoleon has unlimited power. In 1799, Napoleon the ruling and announced: the revolution is over! But he commanded the troops to war and export revolution, relying on, or violence. Imprisoned him after the revolution in the country are still endless aftershocks had been stable until 1870. Counting from 1789, lasted 80 years. To change this situation, we must change the ideology and culture, foster a reform, the concept of the rule of law instead of violence.
system construction or whether the concept of change rely on experience, just reasoning, it is not convinced. Turn over of human history is the thing that catches eyes intertwined civilization and barbarism. Almost every nation, every country will always be deeply stricken lost and found. As sand, hungry, die of hunger everywhere, war-torn country ... ... which do not have such tragic history? Called doomed! Until the majority of people awakening: the protection of personal freedoms of its construction is the core of constitutional government; democracy, the rule of law to resolve social conflicts and differences the best way; state and national interests should be through the democratic means of conflict and peace negotiations to seek a win-win, will become increasingly brutal subsided. In China, the reformers can not rely on the inflow of foreign rule of law and freedom of thought, to promote This is the pursuit of the New Culture Movement.
past knowledge level to Hu and Many people say they are In fact, the This Administration, the ruling party, is thought to help convert them to track the path of democracy the rule of law; the end of the day is to help the people busy, busy helping the country to avoid the turbulence caused by large losses. This Deny it, equal to the cocoon. They criticized the KMT when deprived of freedom of speech Hu, abandon democracy, constitutional government, launched the Jiao, From the global community and national development perspective, such a misunderstanding is worthless.
citizens certainly have the right to resist oppression, but should not casually knife gun. Public opinion, the rule of law is a citizen votes and the basic means of controlling public power. This is paid for in blood experience. In the Eastern countries is not easy to establish these systems, the center part of the whole society is to promote ideological and cultural change, cultural subjects to replace the civic culture to replace the culture of dictatorship, the rule of law culture.
seven, the New Culture movement is to destroy or save the traditional culture
scholars of different schools are accused of destroying the traditional culture of the New Culture Movement. On the contrary, it is to save China's traditional culture. Must confirm a basic trend: the 19th century or earlier,UGG boots cheap, the Chinese traditional culture has entered a dead end. (1) intellectuals faced with the existing knowledge structure can not cope with domestic and foreign policy issues. (2) ignorance of the outside world, Wang Ran. new knowledge. Generally, not a cultural and academic exchanges, discussions, stimulate new ideas in the painstaking research, propose new approaches and to seek new materials, necessarily stagnant, increasing decline.
the fate of art and literature and how? The performance of the New Culture Movement is the most successful literary revolution. As long as no prejudice, no one can deny the 90 years after 1919 can not be the literary achievements of the Qing Empire, far better than 267 years. Painting is not only failing, but because of boldly absorb spectacular achievements of Western art. They had no drama, Western painting, symphony and other arts are also a firm foothold in China.
of the most controversial is the ideological field. Revolution abolished the monarchy, three bonds lost its basis. But in the army, bureaucracy and the underlying social structures (family, triad), it is still not violate the doctrine. Hu Shi's Three bonds to kill, murder of inequality between men and women to denounce such a concept and system, traditional culture is the wash, the process of creating modern civilization.
rule of the Chinese traditional culture, to develop a Chinese servility to the saints, and classical to non-judgment. One of the New Culture Movement is to destroy the achievements of this standard, and its absence is not doing the job thoroughly, there is no respect Shengzong been completed from the rational way of thinking to change. Thus, the maximum was instructed only as a non-standard,
forward the Chinese culture is based on the health of the outcome of the New Culture Movement to undertake, continue to expand freedom and promote academic and cultural prosperity. An important part of the New Culture Movement is to establish freedom of thought, inclusive of the institutional environment, leaving the fundamental, talking about inheritance, than are irrelevant. New Left and the country at odds with this school of thought, they write off the New Culture Movement Ji map the results of limited free space.
inherited intellectual and cultural achievements of mankind, free inquiry, free thought, freedom of debate is the broad road of sustained development of Chinese culture, but also dream not forget the vision of the New Culture Movement. New Left and the school is trying to distort the direction of the country, we must save them from the hands of the Chinese culture!
eight of the May Fourth patriotic movement for justice and must keep in mind the lessons of
Chinese intellectuals and young students have the traditional patriotic movement. 1919 May Fourth patriotic movement is the climax of the 20th century patriotic movement and success stories. Overview of the world, not all patriotic banner of the action name should be affirmed. Japanese militarists and German fascists are playing under the banner of patriotism, national players cheating. Just beyond the country. The main contents of the May Fourth patriotic movement is anti-aggression and safeguard national sovereignty, no doubt of its justice,UGG boots, its requirements are met. There needs unforgettable involved in this movement over the last few lessons.
1, the rule of law above all else, the essence of freedom of the May Fourth Movement should never forget that day, fire Zhao F, beat Zhang Zongxiang, young patriotic indignation is understandable. However, property rights, the right to personal security is the foundation of society. Liang was the students take the initiative to advocate deviant surrendered for trial. This is the general rule of law.
1919 至 248 1928 student protests, the violence of the 24 students, nearly 10%. Few years, Zhang Shizhao's home has been confiscated and destroyed 3 students. November 28, 1925 students, workers and other demonstrations, Zhang Shizhao (former minister of education), Liu Baizhao (Ministry of Education Director), Zhu deep (Police Officer), who's homes were damaged Si Hang, Beijing and destroyed. Instability within the school, students frequently go on strike. Student Government students into universities. Students meet to suppress freedom of expression in a minority of students is very common. At that time, someone wrote: Autocratic behavior of the mob into the habit of some students.
2, seeking the right way against invaders patriotism, aggression, should seek appropriate ways to the local time.
3, note the difference between thinkers and politicians in June 1919, the climax and the end of the May Fourth Movement. June 9 zhao Chen et al study and drafted the June 10, Chen Zhongshan Park and other places until the distribution of the leaflets. 11, Chen and Hu Shi, Wang Xing, arch, high and one Han, Tang and early speech and health services, one-way south of the New World amusement park in the vicinity of Beijing, a Sichuan restaurant dinner. After the meal, Hu Shi and Gao Yihan first to leave; Chen and Deng first came to the New World leaflets; Wang Xing, the Evolution of Arch and the way to the south of the recreation park distributing leaflets. Chen G is up to the roof garden to the screening of the film venues scattered leaflets on the spot by police. This is very worth noting that the Department has the following points: (1) This is a Patiently in front of those days about the details of their activities, as is proved by Chen was not isolated actions of individuals, but on behalf of the major thinkers of that time and level of understanding. (2) they proposed a program to seize power in Beijing. Japan first proposed the Declaration of Foreign Affairs and waive the requirements of six official duties, ask the public to have the absolute right to freedom of assembly. How to meet these requirements? One is the dissolution of the old force, in an attempt to transform the fundamental. (3) This is a very naive utopian plan. A police arrested Chen to the police station, blowing soap bubbles to burst. From Kang, Liang began turning point in modern Chinese history, the emergence of big politicians, almost all infected with this infantilism. The reason is that they do not have the opportunity to experience that. The trend to push them to the cusp, experience and knowledge are insufficient to deal with urgent and important issues. Came a variety of Absence and even irreparable damage. This is a consequence of autocracy, the price is bid farewell to the dark.
thinkers, politicians how to grow into maturity? Emerging political leaders of the masses how to mature? Open political and democratic politics is the only way. First, the government activities should be transparent, so that the people understand the overall situation, and then through an open and free discussion, most people's knowledge will become more rational and sound. This is the only way to stability of the state.
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